Space vehicles and equipment. Space engineering and technology - the use of space technology for communications, television and radio broadcasting

The unexplored depths of the Cosmos have been of interest to mankind for many centuries. Researchers and scientists have always taken steps to understand the constellations and space. These were the first, but significant achievements at the time, which served to further develop research in this field.

An important achievement was the invention of the telescope, with the help of which mankind was able to look much further into outer space and get acquainted with space objects that surround our planet more closely. In our time, space exploration is much easier than in those years. Our portal site offers you a lot of interesting and fascinating facts about the Cosmos and its mysteries.

The first spacecraft and technology

Active exploration of outer space began with the launch of the first artificially created satellite of our planet. This event dates back to 1957, when it was launched into Earth's orbit. As for the first spacecraft that appeared in orbit, it was extremely simple in its design. This unit was equipped with a fairly simple radio transmitter. When creating it, the designers decided to do with the most minimal technical set. Nevertheless, the first simplest satellite served as a start to the development of a new era of space technology and equipment. Today we can say that this device has become a huge achievement for humanity and the development of many scientific research areas. In addition, putting the satellite into orbit was an achievement for the whole world, not just for the USSR. This became possible due to the hard work of designers on the creation of intercontinental ballistic missiles.

It was the high achievements in rocketry that made it possible for designers to realize that with a decrease in the payload of the carrier rocket, very high flight speeds can be achieved, which will exceed the space speed of ~ 7.9 km / s. All this made it possible to launch the first satellite into Earth's orbit. Spacecraft and technology are interesting because many different designs and concepts have been proposed.

In a broad concept, a spacecraft is a device that transports equipment or people to the border where the upper part of the earth's atmosphere ends. But this is an exit only to the nearest space. When solving various space problems, spacecraft are divided into the following categories:

Suborbital;

Orbital or near-earth, which move in geocentric orbits;

Interplanetary;

Non-planetary.

The designers of the USSR were engaged in the creation of the first rocket for launching a satellite into space, and its creation itself took less time than fine-tuning and debugging of all systems. Also, the time factor influenced the primitive configuration of the satellite, since it was the USSR that sought to achieve the indicator of the first space speed of its creation. Moreover, the very fact of launching a rocket outside the planet was a more weighty achievement at that time than the quantity and quality of the equipment installed on the satellite. All the work done was crowned with a triumph for all mankind.

As you know, the conquest of outer space had just begun, which is why the designers achieved more and more in rocketry, which made it possible to create more advanced spacecraft and technology, which helped make a huge leap in the exploration of Space. Also, further development and modernization of rockets and their components made it possible to achieve a second space speed and increase the mass of the payload on board. Due to all this, the first withdrawal of a rocket with a man on board in 1961 became possible.

The portal site can tell a lot of interesting things about the development of spacecraft and technology for all years and in all countries of the world. Few people know that scientists actually started space research before 1957. The first scientific equipment for study was sent into outer space at the end of the 40s. The first Russian rockets were able to lift scientific equipment to a height of 100 kilometers. In addition, this was not a single launch, they were carried out quite often, while the maximum height of their ascent reached an indicator of 500 kilometers, which means that the first ideas about outer space were already there before the beginning of the space era. In our time, when using the latest technologies, those advances may seem primitive, but it was they that made it possible to achieve what we have at the moment.

The spacecraft and technology created required the solution of a huge number of different problems. The most important issues were:

Choosing the correct flight path of the spacecraft and further analysis of its motion. To implement this problem, it was necessary to more actively develop celestial mechanics, which was becoming an applied science.
Space vacuum and zero gravity have set their own tasks for scientists. And this is not only the creation of a reliable sealed enclosure that could withstand rather harsh space conditions, but also the development of equipment that could perform its tasks in Space as efficiently as on Earth. Since not all mechanisms could work perfectly in zero gravity and vacuum as well as in terrestrial conditions. The main problem was the elimination of thermal convection in sealed volumes, all this disrupted the normal course of many processes.

Thermal radiation from the Sun also interfered with the operation of the equipment. To eliminate this influence, it was necessary to think over new calculation methods for devices. Also, a lot of devices were thought out to maintain normal temperature conditions inside the spacecraft itself.
Power supply of space devices has become a big problem. The most optimal solution of the designers was the conversion of solar radiation into electricity.
It took quite a long time to solve the problem of radio communication and control of spacecraft, since ground-based radar devices could operate only at a distance of up to 20 thousand kilometers, and this is not enough for outer space. The evolution of ultra-long-range radio communications in our time makes it possible to maintain communication with probes and other devices at a distance of millions of kilometers.
Nevertheless, the greatest problem remained the fine-tuning of the equipment with which the space devices were equipped. First of all, the technique must be reliable, since repairs in space, as a rule, were impossible. Also, new ways of duplicating and recording information were thought out.

The problems that have arisen have piqued the interest of researchers and scientists in various fields of knowledge. Joint cooperation allowed us to obtain positive results in solving the assigned tasks. Due to all this, a new field of knowledge began to emerge, namely, space technology. The emergence of this type of design was separated from aviation and other industries due to its uniqueness, special knowledge and work skills.

Immediately after the creation and successful launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, the development of space technology took place in three main directions, namely:

Design and manufacture of Earth satellites for various tasks. In addition, the industry is engaged in the modernization and improvement of these devices, due to which it becomes possible to apply them more widely.
Creation of devices for the study of interplanetary space and surfaces of other planets. As a rule, these devices carry out programmed tasks, they can also be controlled remotely.
Space technology is working on various models for creating space stations where scientists can conduct research activities. The industry is also involved in the design and manufacture of manned spacecraft.

Many areas of work of space technology and the achievement of second space speed have allowed scientists to access more distant space objects. That is why at the end of the 50s it was possible to launch a satellite towards the Moon, in addition, the technology of that time already made it possible to send research satellites to the nearest planets near the Earth. So, the first devices, which were sent to study the Moon, allowed mankind for the first time to learn about the parameters of outer space and see the opposite side of the Moon. Nevertheless, space technology at the beginning of the space era was still imperfect and uncontrollable, and after separation from the carrier rocket, the main part rotated rather chaotically around the center of its mass. Uncontrolled rotation did not allow scientists to carry out much research, which, in turn, stimulated designers to create more advanced spacecraft and technology.

It was the development of controlled vehicles that allowed scientists to conduct even more research and learn more about outer space and its properties. Also, the controlled and stable flight of satellites and other automatic devices launched into space allows more accurate and high-quality transmission of information to the Earth due to the orientation of the antennas. Due to the controlled control, the necessary maneuvers can be carried out.

In the early 60s, satellites were actively launched to the nearest planets. These launches made it possible to get a closer look at the conditions on neighboring planets. But still, the greatest success of this time for all mankind on our planet is the flight of Yu.A. Gagarin. After the achievements of the USSR in the structure of space equipment, most countries of the world also paid special attention to rocketry and the creation of their own space technology. Nevertheless, the USSR was the leader in this industry, since it was the first to create an apparatus that carried out a soft lunar landing. After the first successful landings on the Moon and other planets, the task was set for a more detailed study of the surfaces of cosmic bodies using automatic devices for studying surfaces and transmitting photos and videos to Earth.

The first spacecraft, as mentioned above, were uncontrollable and could not return to Earth. When creating controlled devices, designers faced the problem of safe landing of devices and crew. Because the very fast entry of the device into the Earth's atmosphere could simply burn it from the heat when rubbed. In addition, upon return, the devices had to land and splash down safely in a variety of conditions.

Further development of space technology has made it possible to manufacture orbital stations that can be used for many years, while changing the composition of the researchers on board. The first orbiter of this type was the Soviet Salyut station. Its creation was another huge leap of humanity in the knowledge of outer space and phenomena.

Above is a very small part of all the events and achievements in the creation and use of spacecraft and technology, which was created in the world for the study of Space. But still the most significant year was 1957, from which the era of active rocketry and space exploration began. It was the launch of the first probe that gave rise to the explosive development of space technology throughout the world. And this became possible due to the creation in the USSR of a new generation carrier rocket, which was able to raise the probe to the height of the Earth's orbit.

To learn about all this and much more, our portal site offers you a lot of fascinating articles, videos and photographs of space technology and objects.

The space industry is one of the priority areas of society. The development of space programs determines the economic, scientific, technical, and defense power of the state. Cosmic activity becomes one

from the leading sectors of the national economy of our Republic. Space activities include the creation (development, manufacture and testing), use (operation) of space technology and space materials, the development and use of space technologies, the provision of other space-related services, as well as international cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of research and use of space space.

The main areas of space activities include:

- creation of rocket and space technology;

– testing equipment in space;

- the use of space technology for communications, television and radio broadcasting;

- remote sensing of the Earth from space, including environmental monitoring and meteorology;

- the use of satellite navigation and topogeodetic systems;
- manned space flights;
- scientific space research;

– observation of objects and phenomena in outer space;
– production of materials and other products in space;
- other activities carried out using space technology

In the learning process, modern teaching technologies are widely used. The material and technical base meets the modern requirements of this branch of science and contributes to the full development of the educational program.

The training program for specialists in the specialty 5B074600 - Space Engineering and Technology is carried out by the Institute of Space Engineering and Telecommunications in the following areas of training:

- Aircraft automatic control systems;

- Space communication and navigation systems.

Students of the specialty will receive the following knowledge:

-Ground technical and launch complexes, on-board systems and the design of spacecraft and upper stages and the principles of their functioning; factors of outer space.

- Fundamentals of the device, the order of operation and requirements for the organization of operation and testing of technical and technological systems of spacecraft and compressor stations and their components.

-Spacecraft control, analysis of spacecraft flight dynamics, principles of operation of transceiver devices.

-Rocket engines, hardware and software that ensure the functioning of various nodes, systems, complexes and spacecraft flight control.

-Tactical, technical and operational characteristics of space technology.

-Equipment of rocket and space complexes, the basics of maintenance of ground space infrastructure, space communications and navigation systems.

-Space remote sensing systems, knowledge in the field of primary (standard) processing of remote sensing data and in the field of photogrammetric processing of space images.

-Standards, specifications and other regulatory and guidance materials for the design, development and execution of technological and technical documentation.

-Technological processes of assembly, installation, commissioning and testing of space systems and their components.

-Technical English to the extent necessary for interaction and obtaining information from foreign sources in their professional field.

Graduates can hold the following positions:

- software engineer;

- technologist;

- mechanic;

- systems engineer;

- manager.

Do practice in the following companies:

AKK MOAP RK (Kazkosmos), Kazakhtelecom - the national communications operator of Kazakhstan and other communications operators, the Republican Center for Space Communications, JSC National Company “Kazakhstan Garysh Sapary”, Astrophysical Institute named after Fesenkova, Institute of Space Engineering and Technology, JSC "NTsKIT"

Graduates work:

AKK MOAP RK (Kazkosmos), Kazakhtelecom - the national communications operator of Kazakhstan and other communications operators, the Republican Center for Space Communications, JSC National Company “Kazakhstan Garysh Sapary”, Institute of Space Technology and Technologies JSC “NCSIT”

The Department of Space Engineering and Technology was established in 2009 by order of the Rector of the University. Since its inception, the department has been training specialists in the specialty "050719 - Radio engineering, electronics and telecommunications". In September 2012, the specialty "050719 - Radio Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications" was separated from the Department of Space Engineering and Technology and a new department was created "Radio Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications".

Since 2011, the department has begun training bachelors in the specialty "5B074600 - Space technology and technology" in the Kazakh and Russian languages of instruction. In 2015, the first graduation of bachelors in this specialty was carried out.

Since 2015, the department has begun training masters in the specialty "6M074600 - Space technology and technology" in the Kazakh and Russian languages of instruction in the framework of the state program SPIIR-2. In 2017, the first graduation of masters in this specialty took place.

The purpose of the department:

providing training of highly qualified specialists with deep theoretical knowledge and the necessary practical skills and abilities in accordance with the content of educational programs.

Tasks of the department:

Implementation of educational, educational and methodological work in accordance with the credit technology of education;

Implementation of research and development work on the profile of the department;

Assistance in the employment of graduates of the department;

Organization and conduct of educational work with students;

Training of scientific and pedagogical personnel according to the profile of the department through a master's degree, improving their qualifications.

Mission of the department:

to be the leading scientific and educational department of ENU, providing research and obtaining advanced knowledge, training personnel for the development of the rocket and space industry, as a priority sector of the economy.

The definition of the mission of the department is due to the fact that the priorities of development for a number of years are the integrative features of research universities in the world:

- confident orientation towards fundamental and applied research in modern technical branches of science;

- reproduction of specialists with an academic master's degree and a Ph.D. degree (from 2020);

- implementation of professional training in areas;

- ensuring the quality of the teaching staff, including by attracting leading scientists of the country and inviting foreign specialists to temporary work;

- careful selection of the contingent of students: holders of the sign "Altyn belgi" and the state educational grant, winners of international and republican subject Olympiads and competitions of scientific projects. High competition among undergraduates and doctoral students is also a factor in the selection of students;

- bachelor's degree:

5В074600 - "Space Engineering and Technology"

- Master's degree:

6М074600 - "Space Engineering and Technology"

Head of the Department of Space Engineering and Technology - Ph.D., Associate Professor Zhakupova Almira Ersainovna

The teaching staff of the department is formed by highly qualified personnel. Today, the department employs 18 full-time teachers, including:

- 11 candidates of sciences

- 3 tbsp. teacher;

- 4 teachers;

The teaching staff of the department actively use modern information technologies and carry out research work related to the priority areas of industrial and innovative development of the economy of Kazakhstan. The results of scientific research of the teaching staff are being introduced into production and the educational process. On the basis of these works, author's courses are developed and the content of lecture courses, practical and seminar classes is built, diploma theses and master's and doctoral dissertations are carried out.